International Society of

Intraoperative Neurophysiology

 

ISIN

Reference List

Adams DC, Emerson RG, Heyer EJ, McCormick PC, Carmel PW, Stein BM, Farcy JP, Gallo EJ. Monitoring of intraoperative motor-evoked potentials under conditions of controlled neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 1993;77(5):913-8.

Aglio LS, Romero R, Desai S, Ramirez M, Gonzalez AA, Gugino LD. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for monitoring descending spinal cord motor function. Clin Electroencephalogr. 2002;33(1):30-41.

Aglio LS, Kraus KH, Desai S, Romero R, Ramirez M, Levy WJ, Gugino LD. Efficacious use of a cap shaped coil for transcranial magnetic stimulation of descending motor paths. Clin Electroencephalogr. 2002;33(1):21-9.

Agnew WF, McCreery DB. Considerations for safety in the use of extracranial stimulation for motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery. 1987;20(1):143-7.

Agnew WF, McCreery DB, Yuen TG, Bullara LA. Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: considerations for the selection of parameters. Ann Biomed Eng. 1989;17(1):39-60.

Agnew WF, McCreery DB, Yuen TG, Bullara LA. Evolution and resolution of stimulation-induced axonal injury in peripheral nerve. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22(10):1393-402.

Akagami R, Dong CC, Westerberg BD. Localized transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials for monitoring cranial nerves in cranial base surgery. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1 Suppl):78-85.

Albright AL. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring for intramedullary surgery: an essential adjunct? Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;29(2):112.

American Academy of Neurology. Assessment: intraoperative neurophysiology. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1990;40(11):1644-6.

American Electroencephalographic Society. Guideline eleven: guidelines for intraoperative monitoring of sensory evoked potentials. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994;11(1):77-87.

Aminoff MJ. Intraoperative monitoring by evoked potentials for spinal cord surgery: the cons. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;73(5):378-8

Andersson G, Ohlin A. Spatial facilitation of motor evoked responses in monitoring during spinal surgery. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110(4):720-4.

Apel DM, Marrero G, King J, Tolo VT, Bassett GS. Avoiding paraplegia during anterior spinal surgery. The role of somatosensory evoked potential monitoring with temporary occlusion of segmental spinal arteries. Spine 1991;16(8 Suppl):S365-70.

Arrington ED, Hochschild DP, Steinagle TJ, Mongan PD, Martin SL. Monitoring of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials during open reduction and internal fixation of pelvis and acetabular fractures. Orthopedics 2000;23(10):1081-3.

Ashley RA, Wee AS. Intraoperative detection of unilateral spinal cord dysfunction by somatosensory evoked potentials. J Miss State Med Assoc 1988;29(11):339-41

Axon PR, Ramsden RT. Intraoperative electromyography for predicting facial function in vestibular schwannoma surgery. Laryngoscope 1999;109(6):922-6.

Bailey AR,  Jones JG. Patients' memories of events during general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1997;52(5):460-76.

Balzer JR,  Rose RD,  Welch WC,  Sclabassi RJ. Simultaneous somatosensory evoked potential and electromyographic recordings during lumbosacral decompression and instrumentation. Neurosurgery 1998;42(6):1318-24; discussion 1324-5.

Bar-On Z, Zeilig G, Blumen N, Ohry A, Azaria M. Paraplegia following surgical correction of scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1995;54(1):32-4.

Bartley K, Woodforth IJ, Stephen JP, Burke D. Corticospinal volleys and compound muscle action potentials produced by repetitive transcranial stimulation during spinal surgery. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113(1):78-90.

Been HD, Kalkman CJ, Traast HS, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Neurologic injury after insertion of laminar hooks during Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 1994;19(12):1402-5.

Bejjani GK, Nora PC, Vera PL, Broemling L, Sekhar LN. The predictive value of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential monitoring: review of 244 procedures. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(3):491-8; discussion 498-500.

Ben-David B, Haller G, Taylor P. Anterior spinal fusion complicated by paraplegia. A case report of a false-negative somatosensory-evoked potential. Spine 1987;12(6):536-9

Berardelli A, Inghilleri M, Cruccu G, Manfredi M. Corticospinal potentials after electrical and magnetic stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1991;43:147-54.

Bernard JM, Pereon Y, Fayet G, Guiheneuc P. Effects of isoflurane and desflurane on neurogenic motor- and somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring for scoliosis surgery. Anesthesiology 1996;85(5):1013-9.

Binder DK, Lyon R, Manley GT. Transcranial motor evoked potential recording in a case of Kernohan's notch syndrome: case report. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(4):999-1002.

Boisseau N, Madany M, Staccini P, Armando G, Martin F, Grimaud D, Raucoules-Aime M. Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(6):785-9.

Booke JS,  Banta JV,  Bunke FJ,  Pelletier C. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Report of a case. Spine 1993;18(4):518-21.

Borrissov B,  Langeron O,  Lille F,  Gomola A,  Saillant G,  Riou B,  Viars P. Combination of propofol-sufentanil on somatosensory evoked potentials in surgery of the spine. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1995;14(4):326-30.

Bose B, Wierzbowski LR, Sestokas AK. Neurophysiologic monitoring of spinal nerve root function during instrumented posterior lumbar spine surgery. Spine. 2002;27(13):1444-50.

Bose B, Sestokas AK, Schwartz DM. Neurophysiological monitoring of spinal cord function during instrumented anterior cervical fusion. Spine J. 2004;4(2):202-7.

Bouchard JA,  Bohlman HH,  Biro C. Intraoperative improvements of somatosensory evoked potentials: correlation to clinical outcome in surgery for cervical spondylitic myelopathy. Spine 1996;21(5):589-94.

Boyd SG,  Rothwell JC,  Cowan JM,  Webb PJ,  Morley T,  Asselman P,  Marsden CD. A method of monitoring function in corticospinal pathways during scoliosis surgery with a note on motor conduction velocities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49(3):251-7.

Bradford DS, Tay BK, Hu SS. Adult scoliosis: surgical indications, operative management, complications, and outcomes. Spine 1999;24(24):2617-29.

Bradshaw K, Webb JK, Fraser AM. Clinical evaluation of spinal cord monitoring in scoliosis surgery. Spine 1984;9(6):636-43.

Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Baldus C, Blanke K. Major intraoperative neurologic deficits in pediatric and adult spinal deformity patients. Incidence and etiology at one institution. Spine 1998;23(3):324-31.

Brocke J, Irlbacher K, Hauptmann B, Voss M, Brandt SA. Transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation compared: does TES activate intracortical neuronal circuits? Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(12):2748-56.

Brown RH,  Nash CL Jr,  Berilla JA,  Amaddio MD. Cortical evoked potential monitoring. A system for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function. Spine 1984;9(3):256-61.

Burke D, Hicks RG, Stephen JP. Corticospinal volleys evoked by anodal and cathodal stimulation of the human motor cortex. J Physiol. 1990;425:283-99.

Burke D, Hicks R, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M. Assessment of corticospinal and somatosensory conduction simultaneously during scoliosis surgery. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992;85(6):388-96.

Burke D, Hicks R, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M. Trial-to-trial variability of corticospinal volleys in human subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;97(5):231-7.

Burke D,  Hicks RG. Surgical monitoring of motor pathways. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;15(3):194-205.

Burke D,  Nuwer MR,  Daube J,  Fischer C,  Schramm J,  Yingling CD,  Jones SJ. Intraoperative monitoring. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1999;52:133-48.

Burke D, Bartley K, Woodforth IJ, Yakoubi A, Stephen JP. The effects of a volatile anaesthetic on the excitability of human corticospinal axons. Brain 2000;123 ( Pt 5):992-1000.

Calancie B,  Lebwohl N,  Madsen P,  Klose KJ. Intraoperative evoked EMG monitoring in an animal model. A new technique for evaluating pedicle screw placement. Spine 1992;17(10):1229-35.

Calancie B,  Madsen P,  Lebwohl N. Stimulus-evoked EMG monitoring during transpedicular lumbosacral spine instrumentation. Initial clinical results. Spine 1994;19(24):2780-6.

Calancie B, Harris W, Broton JG, Alexeeva N, Green BA. "Threshold-level" multipulse transcranial electrical stimulation of motor cortex for intraoperative monitoring of spinal motor tracts: description of method and comparison to somatosensory evoked potential monitoring. J Neurosurg 1998;88(3):457-70.

Calancie B, Harris W, Brindle GF, Green BA, Landy HJ. Threshold-level repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation for intraoperative monitoring of central motor conduction. J Neurosurg (Spine 1) 2001;95:161-8.

Carlioz H, Ouaknine M. Neurologic complications of surgery of the spine in children. Chirurgie 1994;120(11):26-30.

Cascino GD, So EL, Sharbrough FW, Strelow D, Lagerlund TD, Milde LN, O'Brien PC. Alfentanil-induced epileptiform activity in patients with partial epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;10(4):520-5.

Cedzich C, Taniguchi M, Schafer S, Schramm J. Somatosensory evoked potential phase reversal and direct motor cortex stimulation during surgery in and around the central region. Neurosurgery 1996;38(5):962-70.

Cedzich C, Pechstein U, Schramm J, Schafer S. Electrophysiological considerations regarding electrical stimulation of motor cortex and brain stem in humans. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(3):527-32.

Cervellati S, Bettini N, Bianco T, Parisini P. Neurological complications in segmental spinal instrumentation: analysis of 750 patients. Eur Spine J 1996;5(3):161-6.

Chen Z. The effects of isoflurane and propofol on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spinal surgery. J Clin Monit Comput. 2004;18(4):303-8.

Cheung AT, Pochettino A, McGarvey ML, Appoo JJ, Fairman RM, Carpenter JP, Moser WG, Woo EY, Bavaria JE. Strategies to manage paraplegia risk after endovascular stent repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80(4):1280-8; discussion 1288-9.

Cioni B,  Meglio M,  Moles A,  Tirendi M,  Visocchi M. Spinal somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during microsurgery for syringomyelia: case reports. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1991;57(3):123-9.

Cioni B, Meglio M, Rossi GF. Intraoperative motor evoked potentials monitoring in spinal neurosurgery. Arch Ital Biol 1999;137(2-3):115-26.

Clapcich AJ, Emerson RG, Roye DP Jr, Xie H, Gallo EJ, Dowling KC, Ramnath B, Heyer EJ. The effects of propofol, small-dose isoflurane, and nitrous oxide on cortical somatosensory evoked potential and bispectral index monitoring in adolescents undergoing spinal fusion. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(5):1334-40.

Coles JG,  Wilson GJ,  Sima AF,  Klement P,  Tait GA. Intraoperative detection of spinal cord ischemia using somatosensory cortical evoked potentials during thoracic aortic occlusion. Ann Thorac Surg 1982;34(3):299-306.

Connolly JE. Hume Memorial lecture. Prevention of spinal cord complications in aortic surgery. Am J Surg 1998;176(2):92-101.

Crawford ES,  Mizrahi EM,  Hess KR,  Coselli JS,  Safi HJ,  Patel VM. The impact of distal aortic perfusion and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring on prevention of paraplegia after aortic aneurysm operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;95(3):357-67.

Crawford ES,  Svensson LG,  Hess KR,  Shenaq SS,  Coselli JS,  Safi HJ,  Mohindra PK,  Rivera V. A prospective randomized study of cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia after high-risk surgery on the thoracoabdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg 1991;13(1):36-45; discussion 45-6.

Cunningham JN Jr, Laschinger JC, Merkin HA, Nathan IM, Colvin S, Ransohoff J, Spencer FC. Measurement of spinal cord ischemia during operations upon the thoracic aorta: initial clinical experience. Ann Surg. 1982;196(3):285-96.

Cunningham JN Jr,  Laschinger JC,  Spencer FC. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. IV. Clinical observations and results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;94(2):275-85.

Darden BV 2nd, Hatley MK, Owen JH. Neurogenic motor evoked-potential monitoring in anterior cervical surgery. J Spinal Disord 1996;9(6):485-93.

Dasmahapatra HK, Coles JG, Taylor MJ, Cass D, Couper G, Adler S, Burrows F, Sherret H, Trusler GA, Williams WG. Identification of risk factors for spinal cord ischemia by the use of monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during coarctation repair. Circulation. 1987;76(3 Pt 2):III14-8.

Daube JR. Intraoperative monitoring by evoked potentials for spinal cord surgery: the pros. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;73(5):374-7.

Daube JR, Harper CM, Litchy WJ, Sharbrough FW. Intraoperative Monitoring. In: Daly DD and Pedley TA, eds. Current practice of clinical electroencephalography. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1990;739-79.

Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR. Spinal cord monitoring. Results of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society survey. Spine 1991;16(8 Suppl):S361-4.

de Haan P, Kalkman CJ, Ubags LH, Jacobs MJ, Drummond JC. A comparison of the sensitivity of epidural and myogenic transcranial motor-evoked responses in the detection of acute spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 1996;83(5):1022-7.

de Haan P, Kalkman CJ, de Mol BA, Ubags LH, Veldman DJ, Jacobs MJ. Efficacy of transcranial motor-evoked myogenic potentials to detect spinal cord ischemia during operations for thoracoabdominal aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113(1):87-100; discussion 100-1.

de Haan P, Kalkman CJ, Jacobs MJ. Spinal cord monitoring with myogenic motor evoked potentials: early detection of spinal cord ischemia as an integral part of spinal cord protective strategies during thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10(1):19-24.

de Haan P, Kalkman CJ, Meylaerts SA, Lips J, Jacobs MJ. Development of spinal cord ischemia after clamping of noncritical segmental arteries in the pig. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(4):1278-84.

de Haan P, Kalkman CJ. Spinal cord monitoring: somatosensory- and motor-evoked potentials. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001;19(4):923-45.

de Mol B,  Hamerlijnck R,  Boezeman E,  Vermeulen FE. Prevention of spinal cord ischemia in surgery of thoraco-abdominal aneurysms. The Bio Medicus pump, the recording of somatosensory evoked potentials and the impact on surgical strategy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1990;4(12):658-64.

de Mol BA, Boezeman EH, Hamerlijnck RP, de Geest R. Experimental and clinical use of somatosensory evoked potentials in surgery of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;38(3):146-50.

de Noordhout AM, Born JD, Hans P, Remacle JM, Delwaide PJ. Intraoperative localisation of the primary motor cortex using single electrical stimuli. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:442-444.

Delank KS, Delank HW, König DP, Popken F, Fürderer S, Eysel P. Iatrogenic paraplegia in spinal surgery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2005;125(1):33-41.

Delecrin J,  Nguyen The Tich S,  Passuti N,  Pereon Y. Neurogenic mixed evoked potential monitoring during scoliosis surgery: retrospective analysis of 149 cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2000;86(1):46-53.

Deletis V. Intraoperative Monitoring of the Functional Integrity of the Motor Pathways. In: Devinsky O, Beric A and Dogali M, Eds. Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1993;201-14.

Deletis V,  Kiprovski K,  Morota N. The influence of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 1993;33(1):173-4.

Deletis V,  Morota N,  Abbott IR. Electrodiagnosis in the management of brachial plexus surgery. Hand Clin 1995;11(4):555-61.

Deletis V, Rodi Z, Amassian VE. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor evoked potentials in anesthetized humans. Part 2. Relationship between epidurally and muscle recorded MEPs in man. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112(3):445-52.

Deletis V, Isgum V, Amassian VE. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor evoked potentials in anesthetized humans. Part 1. Recovery time of corticospinal tract direct waves elicited by pairs of transcranial electrical stimuli. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112(3):438-44.

Deletis V,  Sala F. The role of intraoperative neurophysiology in the protection or documentation of surgically induced injury to the spinal cord. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;939:137-44.

Deletis V, Bueno De Camargo A. Interventional neurophysiological mapping during spinal cord procedures. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2001;77(1-4):25-8.

Deletis V. Intraoperative neurophysiology and methodologies used to monitor the functional integrity of the motor system. In: Deletis V, Shils JL. eds. Neurophysiology in Neurosurgery. Academic Press, California. 2002;25-51.

Deletis V, Sala F. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spine surgery: an update. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 2004;15:154–158.

DiCindio S, Theroux M, Shah S, Miller F, Dabney K, Brislin RP, Schwartz D. Multimodality monitoring of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory-evoked potentials during surgical correction of spinal deformity in patients with cerebral palsy and other neuromuscular disorders. Spine 2003;28(16):1851–1856.

Dinner DS, Luders H, Lesser RP, Morris HH, Barnett G, Klem G. Intraoperative spinal somatosensory evoked potential monitoring. J Neurosurg 1986;65(6):807-14.

Dobbs MB, Weinstein SL. Infantile and juvenile scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1999;30(3):331-41.

Doita M, Marui T, Nishida K, Kurosaka M, Yoshiya S, Sha N. Anterior spinal artery syndrome after total spondylectomy of T10, T11, and T12. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(405):175-81.

Dolin MG. Late complications due to wire breakage in segmental spinal instrumentation. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984;66(6):967-8.

Dong C, MacDonald DB, Akagami R, Westerberg B, AlKhani A, AlShail E, Kanaan I, Hassounah M. Intraoperative facial motor evoked potential monitoring with transcranial electrical stimulation during skull base surgery. Clin Neurophysiol 2005;116:588-96.

Dong CC, MacDonald DB, Janusz MT. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring during descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(5):S1873-6; discussion S1892-8.

Doty JR,  Mahla ME,  Furlow TW Jr. Intraoperative monitoring of evoked potentials with a spiral scalp electrode. Technical note. Surg Neurol 1988;30(1):73-4.

Draughn LR,  Swanson TH. Axillary somatosensory evoked potential response: an alternate peripheral recording site. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;15(1):64-8.

Drenger B,  Parker SD,  McPherson RW,  North RB,  Williams GM,  Reitz BA,  Beattie C. Spinal cord stimulation evoked potentials during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Anesthesiology 1992;76(5):689-95.

Dudra J, Shiiya N, Matsui Y, Sakuma M, Ishii K, Asada M, Yasuda K. Operative results of thoracoabdominal repair for chronic type B aortic dissection. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1997;38(2):147-51.

Dunne JW, Field CM. The value of non-invasive spinal cord monitoring during spinal surgery and interventional angiography. Clin Exp Neurol 1991;28:199-209.

Dunne JW,  Carroll WM. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. Med J Aust 1991;154(2):78-9.

Dunne JW,  Silbert PL,  Wren M. A prospective study of acute radiculopathy after scoliosis surgery. Clin Exp Neurol 1991;28:180-90.

Ecker ML, Dormans JP, Schwartz DM, Drummond DS, Bulman WA. Efficacy of spinal cord monitoring in scoliosis surgery in patients with cerebral palsy. J Spinal Disord 1996;9(2):159-64.

Elmore JR, Gloviczki P, Harper CM, Pairolero PC, Murray MJ, Bourchier RG, Bower TC, Daube JR. Failure of motor evoked potentials to predict neurologic outcome in experimental thoracic aortic occlusion. J Vasc Surg. 1991;14(2):131-9.

Elmore JR, Gloviczki P, Harper CM Jr, Murray MJ, Wu QH, Bower TC, Pairolero PC, Naessens JM, Daube JR. Spinal cord injury in experimental thoracic aortic occlusion: investigation of combined methods of protection. J Vasc Surg. 1992;15(5):789-98; discussion 798-9.

Erb TO, Ryhult SE, Duitmann E, Hasler C, Luetschg J, Frei FJ. Improvement of Motor-Evoked Potentials by Ketamine and Spatial Facilitation During Spinal Surgery in a Young Child. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1634–6.

Erwin CW, Erwin AC. Up and down the spinal cord: intraoperative monitoring of sensory and motor spinal cord pathways. J Clin Neurophysiol 1993;10(4):425-36.

Estrem SA, Haghighi S, Levy WJ, Wertheimer R, Kendall M. Motor-evoked potentials of facial musculature in dogs. Laryngoscope 1988;98(9):1012-5.

Ewen A, Bart BB, Goresky GV, Hoppenfeld S, Gross A, Lonner B. Correspondence. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1999;81:1044.

Faberowski LW, Black S, Trankina MF, Pollard RJ, Clark RK, Mahla ME. Somatosensory-evoked potentials during aortic coarctation repair. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999;13(5):538-43.

Fan D, Schwartz DM, Vaccaro AR, Hilibrand AS, Albert TJ. Intraoperative neurophysiologic detection of iatrogenic C5 nerve root injury during laminectomy for cervical compression myelopathy. Spine. 2002;27(22):2499-502.

Fava E, Bortolani EM, Ducati A, Ruberti U. Evaluation of spinal cord function by means of lower limb somatosensory evoked potentials in reparative aortic surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1988;29(4):421-7.

Firsching R, Heinen-Lauten M, Loeschke G. The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on transcranial magnetic evoked potentials Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1991;26(7):381-3.

Fishback AS, Shields CB, Linden RD, Zhang YP, Burke D. The effects of propofol on rat transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 1995;37(5):969-74.

Fletcher JE, Hinn AR, Heard CM, Georges LS, Freid EB, Keifer A, Brooks SD, Bailey AG, Valley RD. The effects of isoflurane and desflurane titrated to a bispectral index of 60 on the cortical somatosensory evoked potential during pediatric scoliosis surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100(6):1797-803.

Floman Y, Micheli LJ, Penny JN, Riseborough EJ, Hall JE. Combined anterior and posterior fusion in seventy-three spinally deformed patients: indications, results and complications. Clin Orthop 1982;(164):110-22.

Florence G, Guerit JM, Gueguen B. Electroencephalography (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) to prevent cerebral ischaemia in the operating room. Neurophysiol Clin. 2004;34(1):17-32.

Forbes HJ, Allen PW, Waller CS, Jones SJ, Edgar MA, Webb PJ, Ransford AO. Spinal cord monitoring in scoliosis surgery. Experience with 1168 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73(3):487-91.

Franco-Carcedo C, Villalibre I, Gonzalez-Hidalgo M. Protocol of intraoperative neurophysiological spinal cord monitoring. Rev Neurol 1999;28(6):583-7.

Fujiki M, Furukawa Y, Kamida T, Anan M, Inoue R, Abe T, Kobayashi H. Intraoperative corticomuscular motor evoked potentials for evaluation of motor function: a comparison with corticospinal D and I waves. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:85–92.

Fujioka H, Shimoji K, Tomita M, Denda S, Takada T, Homma T, Uchiyama S, Takahashi H, Tobita T, Baba H. Spinal cord potential recordings from the extradural space during scoliosis surgery. Br J Anaesth 1994;73(3):350-6.

Galla JD,  Ergin MA,  Sadeghi AM,  Lansman SL,  Danto J,  Griepp RB. A new technique using somatosensory evoked potential guidance during descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repairs. J Card Surg 1994;9(6):662-72.

Galla JD, Ergin MA, Lansman SL, McCullough JN, Nguyen KH, Spielvogel D, Klein JJ, Griepp RB. Use of somatosensory evoked potentials for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic resections. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67(6):1947-52; discussion 1953-8.

Galloway AC,  Schwartz DS,  Culliford AT,  Ribakove GH,  Grossi EA,  Esposito RA,  Baumann FG,  Delianides J,  Spencer FC,  Colvin SB. Selective approach to descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair: a ten-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62(4):1152-7.

Gentili F,  Lougheed WM,  Yamashiro K,  Corrado C. Monitoring of sensory evoked potentials during surgery of skull base tumours. Can J Neurol Sci 1985;12(4):336-40.

Ghaly RF, Lee JJ, Ham JH, Stone JL, George S, Raccforte P. Etomidate dose-response on somatosensory and transcranial magnetic induced spinal motor evoked potentials in primates. Neurol Res 1999;21(8):714-20.

Gharagozloo F, Neville RF Jr, Cox JL. Spinal cord protection during surgical procedures on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta: a critical overview. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10(1):73-86.

Ghariani S,  Spaey J,  Liard L,  Verhelst R,  el Khoury G,  Noirhomme P,  d'Udekem Y,  Matta A,  Dion R,  Guerit JM. Sensitivity, specificity, and impact on the surgical strategy of the perioperative neuromonitoring of somatic evoked potentials in vascular surgery performed with circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia. Neurophysiol Clin 1998;28(4):335-41.

Ghariani S,  Liard L,  Spaey J,  Noirhomme PH,  El Khoury GA,  de Tourtchaninoff M,  Dion RA,  Guerit JM. Retrospective study of somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67(6):1915-8; discussion 1919-21.

Ghariani S,  Matta A,  Dion R,  Guerit JM. Intra- and postoperative factors determining neurological complications after surgery under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: a retrospective somatosensory evoked potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111(6):1082-94.

Glassman SD, Johnson JR, Shields CB, Backman MH, Paloheimo MP, Edmonds HL Jr, Linden RD. Correlation of motor-evoked potentials, somatosensory-evoked potentials, and the wake-up test in a case of kyphoscoliosis. J Spinal Disord 1993;6(3):194-8.

Glassman SD, Shields CB, Linden RD, Zhang YP, Nixon AR, Johnson JR. Anesthetic effects on motor evoked potentials in dogs. Spine 1993;18(8):1083-9.

Glassman SD, Zhang YP, Shields CB, Johnson JR, Linden RD. Transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials in scoliosis surgery. Orthopedics 1995;18(10):1017-23.

Gloviczki P. Surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms: patient selection, techniques and results. Cardiovasc Surg 2002;10(4):434–441.

Gokaslan ZL, Samudrala S, Deletis V, Wildrick DM, Cooper PR. Intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function using motor evoked potentials via transcutaneous epidural electrode during anterior cervical spinal surgery. J Spinal Disord 1997;10(4):299-303.

Goldbrunner RH, Schlake HP, Milewski C, Tonn JC, Helms J, Roosen K. Quantitative parameters of intraoperative electromyography predict facial nerve outcomes for vestibular schwannoma surgery. Neurosurgery 2000;46(5):1140-6; discussion 1146-8.

Gonzalez-Fajardo JA, Toledano M, Alvarez T, Vaquero C. Monitoring of evoked potentials during spinal cord ischaemia: experimental evaluation in a rabbit model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;16(4):320-8.

Grabitz K, Sandmann W, Stuhmeier K, Mainzer B, Godehardt E, Ohle B, Hartwich U. The risk of ischemic spinal cord injury in patients undergoing graft replacement for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1996;23(2):230-40.

Griepp RB, Ergin MA, Galla JD, Lansman S, Khan N, Quintana C, McCollough J, Bodian C. Looking for the artery of Adamkiewicz: a quest to minimize paraplegia after operations for aneurysms of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112(5):1202-13; discussion 1213-5.

Griepp RB, Ergin MA, Galla JD, Klein JJ, Spielvogel D, Griepp EB. Minimizing spinal cord injury during repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms: the Mount Sinai approach. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10(1):25-8.

Grubbs PE Jr, Marini C, Toporoff B, Nathan I, Basu S, Acinapura AJ, Cunningham JN Jr. Somatosensory evoked potentials and spinal cord perfusion pressure are significant predictors of postoperative neurologic dysfunction. Surgery. 1988;104(2):216-23.

Guerit JM,  Verhelst R,  Rubay J,  Khoury G,  Matta A,  Dion R. Multilevel somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) for spinal cord monitoring in descending thoracic and thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996;10(2):93-103; discussion 103-4.

Guerit JM,  Witdoeckt C,  Rubay J,  Matta A,  Dion R. The usefulness of the spinal and subcortical components of the posterior tibial nerve SEPs for spinal cord monitoring during aortic coarctation repair. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;104(2):115-21.

Guerit JM,  Witdoeckt C,  de Tourtchaninoff M,  Ghariani S,  Matta A,  Dion R,  Verhelst R. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery. I. Relationships between qualitative SEP alterations and intraoperative events. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;104(6):459-69.

Guerit JM. New methods on the subject of peroperative neurophysiological monitoring in vascular and orthopedic surgery. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 1998;153(7-9):325-31; discussion 332-3.

Guerit JM,  Witdoeckt C,  Verhelst R,  Matta AJ,  Jacquet LM,  Dion RA. Sensitivity, specificity, and surgical impact of somatosensory evoked potentials in descending aorta surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67(6):1943-6; discussion 1953-8.

Guerit JM, Dion RA. State-of-the-art of neuromonitoring for prevention of immediate and delayed paraplegia in thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(5):S1867-9; discussion S1892-8.

Gugino LD, Kraus KH, Heino R, Aglio LS, Levy WJ, Cohn L, Maddi R. Peripheral ischemia as a complicating factor during somatosensory and motor evoked potential monitoring of aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1992;6(6):715-9.

Gundanna M, Eskenazi M, Bendo J, Spivak J, Moskovich R. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of lumbar pedicle screw placement for in situ posterior spinal fusion. Spine J. 2003;3(5):370-6.

Gunnarsson T, Krassioukov AV, Sarjeant R, Fehlings MG. Real-time continuous intraoperative electromyographic and somatosensory evoked potential recordings in spinal surgery: correlation of clinical and electrophysiologic findings in a prospective, consecutive series of 213 cases. Spine. 2004;29(6):677-84.

Haghighi SS, York DH, Ebeling J, Gumerlock MK, Oro JJ, Gaines RW. Dissociation of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in a patient with an intramedullary spinal tumor. Mo Med 1992;89(11):790-4.

Haghighi SS, York DH, Gaines RW, Oro JJ. Monitoring of motor tracts with spinal cord stimulation. Spine 1994;19(13):1518-24.

Hamaya H. Study on prevention of paraplegia during occlusion blockade of the thoracic aorta--examination of the evoked potential in the motor nerve induced by stimulation of the motor area of cerebral cortex. Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1993;41(8):1347-56.

Hargreaves SJ, Watt JW. Intravenous anaesthesia and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation monitoring in spinal column surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94(1):70-3.

Harper CM Jr, Daube JR, Litchy WJ, Klassen RA. Lumbar radiculopathy after spinal fusion for scoliosis. Muscle Nerve 1988;11(4):386-91.

Harper CM, Daube JR. Facial nerve electromyography and other cranial nerve monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;15(3):206-16.

Haupt WF,  Erasmi-Korber H,  Lanfermann H. Intraoperative recording of parietal SEP can miss hemodynamic infarction during carotid endarterectomy: a case study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;92(1):86-8.

Hausmann ON, Minb K, Boosb N, Ruetschc YA, Ernia T, Curta A. Transcranial electrical stimulation: significance of fast versus slow charge delivery for intra-operative monitoring. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:1532–1535.

Hays SR, Schwengel DA. Transient hypotension as a complication of monitoring transcervical motor evoked potentials. Anesthesiology 1999;90(1):314-7.

Helmers SL, Hall JE. Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in pediatrics. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14(5):592-8.

Herdmann J, Lumenta CB, Huse KO. Magnetic stimulation for monitoring of motor pathways in spinal procedures. Spine 1993;18(5):551-9.

Herdmann J, Deletis V, Edmonds HL Jr, Morota N. Spinal cord and nerve root monitoring in spine surgery and related procedures. Spine 1996;21(7):879-85.

Hicks R, Burke D, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M. Corticospinal volleys evoked by electrical stimulation of human motor cortex after withdrawal of volatile anaesthetics. J Physiol. 1992;456:393-404.

Hicks RG, Burke DJ, Stephen JP. Monitoring spinal cord function during scoliosis surgery with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Med J Australia 1991;154:82-86.

Hicks RG, Woodforth IJ, Crawford MR, Stephen JP, Burke DJ. Some effects of isoflurane on I waves of the motor evoked potential. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69(2):130-6.

Hilibrand AS, Schwartz DM, Sethuraman V, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ. Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(6):1248-53.

Holdefer RN, Sadleir R, Russell MJ. Predicted current densities in the brain during transcranial electrical stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(6):1388-97.

Holland NR, Kostuik JP. Continuous electromyographic monitoring to detect nerve root injury during thoracolumbar scoliosis surgery. Spine 1997;22(21):2547-50.

Holland NR. Subcortical strokes from intracranial aneurysm surgery: implications for intraoperative neuromonitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;15(5):439-46.

Hone SW, Commins DJ, Rames P, Chen JM, Rowed D, McLean A, Nedzelski JM. Prognostic factors in intraoperative facial nerve monitoring for acoustic neuroma. J Otolaryngol 1997;26(6):374-8.

Horikoshi T, Omata T, Uchida M, Asari Y, Nukui H. Usefulness and pitfalls of intraoperative spinal motor evoked potential recording by direct cortical electrical stimulation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000;142(3):257-62.

Horiuchi K, Suzuki K, Sasaki T, Matsumoto M, Sakuma J, Konno Y, Oinuma M, Itakura T, Kodama N. Intraoperative monitoring of blood flow insufficiency during surgery of middle cerebral artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(2):275-83.

Hurlbert RJ,  Fehlings MG,  Moncada MS. Use of sensory-evoked potentials recorded from the human occiput for intraoperative physiologic monitoring of the spinal cord. Spine 1995;20(21):2318-27.

Hurlbert RJ, Tator CH, Fehlings MG, Koyanagi I, Moncada MS. A novel sensory evoked potential for selective monitoring of the ventral spinal cord: from bench to bedside. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1996;46:221-31

Ihaya A,  Morioka K,  Noguchi H,  Kimura T,  Nishii H,  Hiramatsu Y,  Chiba Y,  Muraoka R. A case report of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm associated with anterior spinal artery syndrome despite no marked ESP changes. Kyobu Geka 1990;43(10):843-6.

Inghilleri M, Berardelli A, Cruccu G, Priori A, Manfredi M. Corticospinal potentials after transcranial stimulation in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(8):970-4.

Inoue S, Kawaguchi M, Takashi S, Kakimoto M, Sakamoto T, Kitaguchi K, Furuya H, Morimoto T, Sakaki T. Intraoperative monitoring of myogenic motor-evoked potentials from the external anal sphincter muscle to transcranial electrical stimulation. Spine. 2002;27(21):E454-9.

Iwasaki H, Tamaki T, Yoshida M, Ando M, Yamada H, Tsutsui S, Takami M. Efficacy and limitations of current methods of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. J Orthop Sci. 2003;8(5):635-42.

Jacobs MJ, Meylaerts SA, de Haan P, de Mol BA, Kalkman CJ. Strategies to prevent neurologic deficit based on motor-evoked potentials in type I and II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 1999;29(1):48-57; discussion 57-9.

Jacobs MJ, Meylaerts SA, de Haan P, de Mol BA, Kalkman CJ. Assessment of spinal cord ischemia by means of evoked potential monitoring during thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Semin Vasc Surg 2000;13(4):299-307.

Jacobs MJ, de Mol BA, Elenbaas T, Mess WH, Kalkman CJ, Schurink GW, Mochtar B. Spinal cord blood supply in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(1):30-7.

Jacobs MJ, Elenbaas TW, Schurink GW, Mess WH, Mochtar B. Assessment of spinal cord integrity during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(5):S1864-6; discussion S1892-8.

Jacobs MJ, Mess WH. The role of evoked potential monitoring in operative management of type I and type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;15(4):353-64.

Jellinek D, Platt M, Jewkes D, Symon L. Effects of nitrous oxide on motor evoked potentials recorded from skeletal muscle in patients under total anesthesia with intravenously administered propofol. Neurosurgery 1991;29(4):558-62.

Jellinek D, Jewkes D, Symon L. Noninvasive intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials under propofol anesthesia: effects of spinal surgery on the amplitude and latency of motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 1991;29(4):551-7.

Jimenez JC, Sani S, Braverman B, Deutsch H, Ratliff JK. Palsies of the fifth cervical nerve root after cervical decompression: prevention using continuous intraoperative electromyography monitoring. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;3(2):92-7.

John ER, Chabot RJ, Prichep LS, Ransohoff J, Epstein F, Berenstein A. Real-time intraoperative monitoring during neurosurgical and neuroradiological procedures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1989;6(2):125-58.

Johnston CE 2nd, Happel LT Jr, Norris R, Burke SW, King AG, Roberts JM. Delayed paraplegia complicating sublaminar segmental spinal instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68(4):556-63.

Jones SC, Fernau R, Woeltjen BL. Use of somatosensory evoked potentials to detect peripheral ischemia and potential injury resulting from positioning of the surgical patient: case reports and discussion. Spine J. 2004;4(3):360-2.

Jones SJ, Edgar MA, Ransford AO, Thomas NP. A system for the electrophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during operations for scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983;65(2):134-9.

Jones SJ, Harrison R, Koh KF, Mendoza N, Crockard HA. Motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery: responses of distal limb muscles to transcranial cortical stimulation with pulse trains. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996;100(5):375-83.

Jones SJ, Buonamassa S, Crockard HA. Two cases of quadriparesis following anterior cervical discectomy, with normal perioperative somatosensory evoked potentials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(2):273-6.

Journee HL, Polak HE, de Kleuver M. Influence of electrode impedance on threshold voltage for transcranial electrical stimulation in motor evoked potential monitoring. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2004;42(4):557-61.

Kai Y, Owen JH, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Oakley DM, Sugioka Y. Use of sciatic neurogenic motor evoked potentials versus spinal potentials to predict early-onset neurologic deficits when intervention is still possible during overdistraction. Spine 1993;18(9):1134-9.

Kai Y, Owen JH, Allen BT, Dobras M, Davis C. Relationship between evoked potentials and clinical status in spinal cord ischemia. Spine 1994;19(10):1162-7.

Kakimoto M, Inoue S, Sakamoto T, Kawaguchi M, Kitaguchi K, Furuya H. Intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring: a review of 115 cases. Masui 2000;49(3):240-4.

Kakinohana M, Kawabata T, Miyata Y, Sugahara K. Myogenic transcranial motor evoked potentials monitoring cannot always predict neurologic outcome after spinal cord ischemia in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:46-52.

Kalita J, Srivastava AK, Mittal P, Sharma VP, Misra UK. Evoked potential changes in ischaemic myelopathy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;43(4):211-5.

Kalkman CJ, ten Brink SA, Been HD, Bovill JG. Variability of somatosensory cortical evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Effects of anesthetic technique and high-pass digital filtering. Spine 1991;16(8):924-9.

Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Ribberink AA. Low concentrations of isoflurane abolish motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical stimulation during nitrous oxide/opioid anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 1991;73(4):410-5.

Kalkman CJ, Romijn K, Denslagen W. Eliminating diathermy-induced artifacts during intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory-evoked potentials: a hardware solution. J Clin Monit 1991;7(4):320-4.

Kalkman CJ, Traast H, Zuurmond WW, Bovill JG. Differential effects of propofol and nitrous oxide on posterior tibial nerve somatosensory cortical evoked potentials during alfentanil anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991;66(4):483-9.

Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Ribberink AA, Patel PM, Sano T, Bickford RG. Effects of propofol, etomidate, midazolam, and fentanyl on motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation in humans. Anesthesiology 1992;76(4):502-9.

Kalkman CJ,  Drummond JC,  Kennelly NA,  Patel PM,  Partridge BL. Intraoperative monitoring of tibialis anterior muscle motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical stimulation during partial neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 1992;75(4):584-9.

Kalkman CJ, Been HD, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function. A review. Acta Orthop Scand 1993;64(1):114-23.

Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Sano T, Chesnut RM. Effects of droperidol, pentobarbital, and ketamine on myogenic transcranial magnetic motor-evoked responses in humans. Neurosurgery 1994;35(6):1066-71.

Kaneko K, Kawai S, Taguchi T, Fuchigami Y, Morita H, Ofuji A, Yonemura H. Spatial distribution of corticospinal potentials following transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation in human spinal cord. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151(2):217-21.

Kaneko M,  Fukamachi A,  Sasaki H,  Miyazawa N,  Yagishita T,  Nukui H. Intraoperative monitoring of the motor function: experimental and clinical study. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1988;42:18-21.

Kaplan BJ, Friedman WA, Alexander JA, Hampson SR. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of spinal cord ischemia during aortic operations. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(1):82-90.

Kaplan BJ, Friedman WA, Gravenstein N, Richards R, Davis RF. Effects of aortic occlusion on regional spinal cord blood flow and somatosensory evoked potentials in sheep. Neurosurgery. 1987;21(5):668-75.

Kartush JM. Intra-operative monitoring in acoustic neuroma surgery. Neurol Res 1998;20(7):593-6.

Kawaguchi M, Sakamoto T, Ohnishi H, Shimizu K, Karasawa J, Furuya H. Intraoperative myogenic motor evoked potentials induced by direct electrical stimulation of the exposed motor cortex under isoflurane and sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 1996;82(3):593-9.

Kawaguchi M, Sakamoto T, Inoue S, Kakimoto M, Furuya H, Morimoto T, Sakaki T. Low dose propofol as a supplement to ketamine-based anesthesia during intraoperative monitoring of motor-evoked potentials. Spine 2000;25(8):974-9.

Keller BP, Haghighi SS, Oro JJ, Eggers GW Jr. The effects of propofol anesthesia on transcortical electric evoked potentials in the rat. Neurosurgery 1992;30(4):557-60.

Kerz T, Hennes HJ, Fève A, Decq P, Filipetti P, Duvaldestin P. Effects of propofol on H-reflex in humans. Anesthesiology. 2001;94(1):32-7.

Kimovec MA, Koht A, Sloan TB. Effects of sufentanil on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Br J Anaesth 1990;65(2):169-72.

Kitagawa H, Takano H, Takakuwa K, Yamamoto N, Kida Y, Tsuji H. Origins and conducting pathways of motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial (vertex-hard palate) stimulation in cats. Neurosurgery. 1991;28(3):358-63.

Kitagawa H, Nakamura H, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuji H, Satone T, Takano H, Nakatoh S. Magnetic-evoked compound muscle action potential neuromonitoring in spine surgery. Spine 1995;20(20):2233-9.

Kobara N, Owen JH, Kostuik J, Huckell C, Tooke SM. Relative effectiveness of electrically- vs mechanically-elicited EMGs in detecting pedicle wall perforation and surgically-induced nerve root damage. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 2000;91(2):40-54.

Kochs E, Kalkman CJ, Thornton C, Newton D, Bischoff P, Kuppe H, Abke J, Konecny E, Nahm W, Stockmanns G. Middle latency auditory evoked responses and electroencephalographic derived variables do not predict movement to noxious stimulation during 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999;88(6):1412-7.

Koht A, Schutz W, Schmidt G, Schramm J, Watanabe E. Effects of etomidate, midazolam, and thiopental on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and the additive effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 1988;67(5):435-41.

Koizumi N, Obitsu Y, Koide K, Sato K, Saiki N, Watanabe Y, Ichihashi H, Yokoi Y, Shimazaki T, Kawaguchi S, Ishimaru S. Evaluation of spinal cord ischemia in endovascular stent graft repair and surgical operation of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Kyobu Geka. 2004;57(4):262-7.

Kolenda H, Steffens H, Gefeller O, Hagenah J, Schomburg ED. Critical levels of spinal cord blood flow and duration of ischemia for the acute recovery of segmental spinal cord responses in cats. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10(4):288-95.

Komanetsky RM, Padberg AM, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Russo MH, Chapman MP, Hamill CL. Neurogenic motor evoked potentials: a prospective comparison of stimulation methods in spinal deformity surgery. J Spinal Disord 1998;11(1):21-8.

Kombos T, Suess O, Funk T, Kern BC, Brock M. Intra-operative mapping of the motor cortex during surgery in and around the motor cortex. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000;142(3):263-8.

Kombos T, Suess O, Pietila T, Brock M. Subdural air limits the elicitation of compound muscle action potentials by high-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation. Br J Neurosurg 2000;14(3):240-3.

Kombos T, Suess O, Ciklatekerlio O, Brock M. Monitoring of intraoperative motor evoked potentials to increase the safety of surgery in and around the motor cortex. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(4):608-14.

Kondo R, Saito S, Kuroki A, Sato S, Katakura K, Kayama T. Significance and usefulness of corticospinal motor evoked potential monitoring for lesions adjacent to primary motor cortex. No To Shinkei. 2004;56(6):496-502.

Kothbauer K,  Schmid UD,  Seiler RW,  Eisner W. Intraoperative motor and sensory monitoring of the cauda equina. Neurosurgery 1994;34(4):702-7; discussion 707.

Kothbauer K, Deletis V, Epstein FJ. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring for intramedullary surgery: an essential adjunct. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;26(5):247-54.

Kothbauer KF, Deletis V, Epstein FJ. Intraoperative monitoring. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;29(1):54-5.

Kothbauer KF. Motor evoked potential monitoring for intramedullary spinal cord tumor surgery. In: Deletis V, Shils JL. eds. Neurophysiology in Neurosurgery. Academic Press, California 2002;73-92.

Kothbauer KF, Novak K. Intraoperative monitoring for tethered cord surgery: an update. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16(2):E8.

Koyanagi I,  Iwasaki Y,  Isu T,  Abe H,  Akino M,  Kuroda S. Spinal cord evoked potential monitoring after spinal cord stimulation during surgery of spinal cord tumors. Neurosurgery 1993;33(3):451-9; discussion 459-60.

Kraus KH, Pope ER, O'Brien D, Hay BL. The effects of aortic occlusion on transcranially induced evoked potentials in the dog. Vet Surg. 1990;19(5):341-7.

Kraus KH, Gugino LD, Levy WJ, Cadwell J, Roth BJ. The use of a cap-shaped coil for transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;10(3):353-62.

Krieger D,  Adams HP,  Albert F,  von Haken M,  Hacke W. Pure motor hemiparesis with stable somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during aneurysm surgery: case report. Neurosurgery 1992;31(1):145-50.

Krieger D, Sclabassi RJ. Time-varying evoked potentials. J Med Eng Technol. 1994;18(3):96-100.

Krodel A, Rehmet JC, Hamburger C. Spinal cord compression caused by the rod of a Harrington instrumentation device: a late complication in scoliosis surgery. Eur Spine J 1997;6(3):208-10.

Krombach GA,  Spetzger U,  Rohde V,  Gilsbach JM. Intraoperative localization of functional regions in the sensorimotor cortex by neuronavigation and cortical mapping. Comput Aided Surg 1998;3(2):64-73.

Ku AS, Hu Y, Irwin MG, Chow B, Gunawardene S, Tan EE, Luk KD. Effect of sevoflurane/nitrous oxide versus propofol anaesthesia on somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of the spinal cord during surgery to correct scoliosis. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(4):502-7.

Kumar A, Bhattacharya A, Makhija N. Evoked potential monitoring in anaesthesia and analgesia. Anaesthesia 2000;55(3):225-41.

Kunihara T, Shiiya N, Yasuda K. Strategy for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Kyobu Geka. 2004;57(4):319-24.

Labrom RD, Hoskins, Reilly CW, Tredwell SJ, Wong, PKH. Clinical Usefulness of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Detection of Brachial Plexopathy Secondary to Malpositioning in Scoliosis Surgery. Spine 30(18):2089-2093.

Lalwani AK, Butt FY, Jackler RK, Pitts LH, Yingling CD. Delayed onset facial nerve dysfunction following acoustic neuroma surgery. Am J Otol 1995;16(6):758-64.

LaMont RL,  Wasson SL,  Green MA. Spinal cord monitoring during spinal surgery using somatosensory spinal evoked potentials. J Pediatr Orthop 1983;3(1):31-6.

Lang EW, Beutler AS, Chesnut RM, Patel PM, Kennelly NA, Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Garfin SR. Myogenic motor-evoked potential monitoring using partial neuromuscular blockade in surgery of the spine. Spine 1996;21(14):1676-86.

Langeloo DD, Lelivelt A, Louis Journée H, Slappendel R, de Kleuver M. Transcranial electrical motor-evoked potential monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity: a study of 145 patients. Spine. 2003;28(10):1043-50.

Langeloo DD, Lelivelt A, Journee HL, Slappendel R, de Kleuver M. Transcranial electrical motor-evoked potential monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity: A study of 145 patients. Spine 2003;28(10):1043–1050.

Langeron O, Lille F, Zerhouni O, Orliaguet G, Saillant G, Riou B, Coriat P. Comparison of the effects of ketamine-midazolam with those of fentanyl-midazolam on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials during major spine surgery. Br J Anaesth 1997;78(6):701-6.

Langeron O, Vivien B, Paqueron X, Saillant G, Riou B, Coriat P, Lille F. Effects of propofol, propofol-nitrous oxide and midazolam on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials during sufentanil anaesthesia for major spinal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1999;82(3):340-5.

Laschinger JC,  Cunningham JN Jr,  Isom OW,  Nathan IM,  Spencer FC. Definition of the safe lower limits of aortic resection during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta: use of somatosensory evoked potentials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2(5):959-65.

Laschinger JC, Cunningham JN Jr, Baumann FG, Isom OW, Spencer FC. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. II. Use of somatosensory evoked potentials to assess adequacy of distal aortic bypass and perfusion after thoracic aortic cross-clamping. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;94:266-270.

Laschinger JC, Cunningham JN Jr, Baumann FG, Cooper MM, Krieger KH, Spencer FC. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. III. Intraoperative identification of vessels critical to spinal cord blood supply. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;94:271-274.

Laschinger JC, Owen J, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL, Kouchoukos NT. Direct noninvasive monitoring of spinal cord motor function during thoracic aortic occlusion: use of motor evoked potentials. J Vasc Surg 1988;7(1):161-71.

Laureau E,  Marciniak B,  Hebrard A,  Herbaux B,  Guieu JD. Neuromonitoring and anesthesia in surgery of the spine. Neurophysiol Clin 1998;28(4):299-320.

Laureau E, Marciniak B, Hebrard A, Herbaux B, Guieu JD. Comparative study of propofol and midazolam effects on somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical treatment of scoliosis. Neurosurgery 1999;45(1):69-74; discussion 75.

Lee WY, Hou WY, Yang LH, Lin SM. Intraoperative monitoring of motor function by magnetic motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 1995;36(3):493-500.

Legatt AD. Ellen R. Grass Lecture: Motor evoked potential monitoring. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol. 2004;44(4):223-43.

Leis AA, Zhou HH, Mehta M, Harkey HL 3rd, Paske WC. Behavior of the H-reflex in humans following mechanical perturbation or injury to rostral spinal cord. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19(11):1373-82.

Leppanen R, Maguire J, Wallace S, Madigan R, Draper V. Intraoperative lower extremity reflex muscle activity as an adjunct to conventional somatosensory-evoked potentials and descending neurogenic monitoring in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1995;20(17):1872-7.

Leppanen R, Madigan R, Sears C, Maguire J, Wallace S, Captain J. Intraoperative collision studies demonstrate descending spinal cord stimulated evoked potentials and ascending somatosensory evoked potentials are mediated through common pathways (abstr.). J Clin Neurophysiology 1999;16:170.

Leppanen RE, American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. Intraoperative monitoring of segmental spinal nerve root function with free-run and electrically-triggered electromyography and spinal cord function with reflexes and F-responses. A position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput. 2005;19(6):437-61. Epub 2006 Jan 25.

Lesser RP,  Lueders H,  Hahn J,  Klem G. Early somatosensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation: intraoperative monitoring. Neurology 1981;31(12):1519-23.

Lesser RP, Raudzens P, Luders H, Nuwer MR, Goldie WD, Morris HH 3rd, Dinner DS, Klem G, Hahn JF, Shetter AG, et al. Postoperative neurological deficits may occur despite unchanged intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials. Ann Neurol 1986;19(1):22-5.

Levy JW. Clinical experience with motor and cerebellar evoked potential monitoring. Neurosurgery 1987;20:169-182.

Levy WJ. Spinal evoked potentials from the motor tracts. J Neurosurg 1983;58(1):38-44.

Levy WJ, York DH, McCaffrey M, Tanzer F. Motor evoked potentials from transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex in humans. Neurosurgery 1984;15(3):287-302.

Levy WJ, McCaffrey M, York DH, Tanzer F. Motor evoked potentials from transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex in cats. Neurosurgery. 1984;15(2):214-27.

Levy WJ. Transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex to produce motor-evoked potentials. Med Instrum 1987;21(5):248-54.

Linstedt U, Maier C, Petry A. Intraoperative monitoring with somatosensory evoked potentials in carotid artery surgery--less reliable in patients with preoperative neurologic deficiency? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42(1):13-6.

Lips J, De Haan P, Bouma GJ, Jacobs MJ, Kalkman CJ. Delayed detection of motor pathway dysfunction after selective reduction of thoracic spinal cord blood flow in pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(3):531-538.

Liscic RM, Morota N, Deletis V. Intramedullar stimulation of the facial and hypoglossal nerves: estimation of the stimulated site. Croat Med J 2000;41(4):384-8.

Lorenzini NA, Schneider JH. Temporary loss of intraoperative motor-evoked potential and permanent loss of somatosensory-evoked potentials associated with a postoperative sensory deficit. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1996;8(2):142-7.

Lubitz SE, Keith RW, Crawford AH. Intraoperative experience with neuromotor evoked potentials. A review of 60 consecutive cases. Spine 1999;24(19):2030-3.

Lueders H,  Gurd A,  Hahn J,  Andrish J,  Weiker G,  Klem G. A new technique for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function: multichannel recording of spinal cord and subcortical evoked potentials. Spine 1982;7(2):110-5.

Luk KD, Hu Y, Wong YW, Leong JC. Variability of somatosensory-evoked potentials in different stages of scoliosis surgery. Spine 1999;24(17):1799-804.

Luk KD, Hu Y, Wong YW, Cheung KM. Evaluation of various evoked potential techniques for spinal cord monitoring during scoliosis surgery. Spine. 2001;26(16):1772-7.

Lyon R, Feiner J, Lieberman JA. Progressive suppression of motor evoked potentials during general anesthesia: the phenomenon of "anesthetic fade". J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2005;17(1):13-9.